An organ is removed from one body and implanted in the body of the recipient during an Organ Transplant operation to replace a damaged or absent organ. Organs may be moved from a donor site to another location or the donor and recipient may be present at the same spot. Autografts are defined as organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the body of the same person. Allografts are recent transplants carried out between two members of the same species. Allografts can come from either cadaveric or live sources.
Successful organ transplants have been performed on the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus, and uterine. Tissues include corneae, skin, heart valves, nerves, and veins (both of which are referred to as musculoskeletal grafts). The most often transplanted organs globally are the kidneys, the liver, and lastly the heart. The most frequently transplanted tissues are musculoskeletal and corneal grafts, which outweigh Organ Transplant by a factor of more than ten. Living, brain-dead, or circulatory-death deceased individuals can all donate organs. Up to 24 hours after the heart has stopped beating, donors who pass away from circulatory death or brain death can still donate their tissue. Contrary to organs, most tissues can be kept and retained for up to five years, or "banked," with the exception of corneas. The concept of death, when and how consent should be granted for an organ to be transferred, and payment for Organ Transplantation are only a few of the bioethical concerns that are brought up by transplantation. Other moral concerns relate to medical tourism (transplant tourism) and, more broadly, the socioeconomic environment in which organ donation or transplantation may take place. Organ trafficking is one issue in particular. The ethical dilemma of not giving patients false hope is another. One of the most difficult and complicated fields of modern medicine is transplantation medicine. The issues of transplant rejection, in which the body reacts immunely to the Organ Transplant, which may result in transplant failure and the have to remove the organ from the recipient right away, are some of the major areas for medical management. When possible, serotyping to find the best donor-recipient match and using immunosuppressant medications can help to decrease transplant rejection. The transfer of tissue to the same person is known as an autograft. Sometimes, excess tissue, tissue that can regenerate, or tissues that are more urgently needed elsewhere are used for this (examples include skin grafts, vein extraction for CABG, etc.). Occasionally, an autograft is performed to remove the tissue, treat it or the patient, and then replace it (examples include stem cell autograft and storing blood in advance of surgery). A rotationplasty replaces a more proximal joint with a distal one; often, a foot or ankle joint is used in place of a knee joint. The knee is removed, the foot is severed and turned backward, and the tibia and femur are reconnected. An allograft is when an organ or piece of tissue is Organ Transplant between two people who are genetically unrelated but belong to the same species. Most transplants of human tissue and organs use allografts. Because the recipient and the organ differ genetically, the recipient's immune system will mistake the organ for something foreign and try to kill it, leading to transplant rejection. The panel-reactive antibody level can be used to evaluate the likelihood of transplant rejection.
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