By utilising a variety of physical, chemical, and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (ideally continuously), non-invasive, or minimally invasive ways, wearable devices offer an alternative avenue to clinical diagnostics.
Glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and fabrics can all be made with these sensors. Wearable Sensor like smartwatches have already demonstrated their ability to use biophysical signals for the early detection, monitoring of the progression, and treatment of a number of disorders, including COVID-19 and Parkinson disease. High-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of a person's health condition is made possible by next-generation Wearable Sensor that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed assessment of physical parameters and biochemical markers continuously and in real time. By considering the most current advancements in the materials, engineering, and data science of these components, we evaluate the fundamental components of such sensors in this Review, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules, and decision-making units. Finally, we summarise recent developments to offer forecasts for the development of sensors. Wearable Sensor are integrated analytical tools that combine mobile connectivity with common features of point-of-care systems in independently working, self-contained modules. Such devices enable the non-invasive or minimally invasive continuous monitoring of a person's biometrics, allowing the detection of minute physiological changes over time from baseline values. For instance, the Holter monitor, a medical sensor used to measure the electrical activity of the heart, is one example of a wearable that has been around for decades. The common building blocks of wearable devices are the substrate and electrode materials, sensing units (elements for interfacing, sampling, biorecognition, signal transduction, and amplification), decision-making units (components for data collection, processing, and transmission), and power units. The total number of components may vary depending on the specific application. The main forces driving progress in contemporary Wearable Sensor have been developments in telecommunication technologies, materials science, bioengineering, electronics, and data analysis, as well as the fast growing interest in monitoring health and well-being. More recently, the significant cost decreases have made it possible for sophisticated sensors to be introduced into numerous (consumer) population segments and geographical areas of the world, enabling continuous monitoring on a scale that has never been achieved before. Additionally, improvements in fabrication techniques have allowed for greater sophistication at ever-smaller scales, allowing sensor platforms to scale down to sizes suitable for incorporation into personal technologies. The substrate, electrode materials, and the elements of the sensing, decision-making, and power units are the building blocks of wearable technology. Modern Wearable Sensor are capable of performing measures of the same high calibre as regulated medical devices. Thus, the distinction between wearables for consumers and those for medical purposes is becoming less clear. First-generation wearables have mostly focused on biophysical monitoring by tracking a person's physical activity, heart rate, or body temperature. These devices can be watches, shoes, or headphones. The focus has been gradually changing to non-invasive or minimally invasive biochemical and multimodal monitoring, which is the next step in achieving completely personalised health care, as a result of the widespread adoption and success of first-generation wearables.
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